Gender reassignment surgery statistics

Gender reassignment surgery statistics

We conducted a study to explore epidemiologic characteristics of patients who underwent genital reconstruction operations as components of gender reassignment and to analyze risk factors for surgical-site infections (SSIs) following these operations. 1%) stated that they had retransitioned. Learn about regret statistics and causes as you read the rest of this article. Transsexualism / surgery*. 1093/bjs/znab213. James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, et al. 41% of trans men and trans women responding to a Stonewall survey said they had Oct 3, 2017 · Gender reassignment surgeries are expensive. 8% had undergone gender-affirming surgery at least two years prior and 59. 1 in 2015 to 25. Mar 19, 2014 · Abstract. To change the gender marker, the applicant must submit one of the four documents: An updated birth certificate showing the correct gender; A court order of gender change; A 10 year Passport showing the correct gender; A letter from a surgeon stating that gender reassignment surgery has been completed Oct 29, 2021 · Gender dysphoria, earlier known as gender identity disorder, describes a heterogeneous group of individuals having the desire to possess secondary sexual characteristics of the opposite sex and possessing varying degrees of dissatisfaction regarding their anatomical gender . Thirty Years of International Follow-up Studies After Sex Reassignment Surgery: A Comprehensive Review, 1961-1991. Some of these include cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, & blood clots. Some trans men feel a sense of dysphoria about their hips, thighs, stomach, or other areas and wish to get liposuction to create a more masculine body contour. Insurance Coverage for Sex Reassignment Surgery. There is a paucity of literature examining the incidence and/or etiology of surgical de- and re-transition. Transgender Survey, which was answered by more than 27,000 transgender and gender-diverse adults. GAS has been shown to improve quality of life among TGNB Mar 19, 2021 · Introduction. Duke Health offers several top surgery options to transgender, gender-diverse, nonbinary, and gender-nonconforming adults who want their Apr 28, 2021 · Introduction. 25% from 2023 to 2030. 6. A woman who detransitioned in 2018 says there are many people who have had gender reassignment surgery who wish they hadn't. In a 30-year longitudinal study, gender reassignment surgery patients had a 19 times higher rate of completed suicide than the general population. Of 107 patients who had undergone SRS between 1986 and 2001, 30 (28%) could not be contacted and 15 (14%) refused to participate. 1 Transgender patients face many unique health risks, including an increased risk of suicide, mental health issues, and HIV compared with those in the general population. Patients must be 18 or older by the time of surgery for gender-affirming genital procedures. The world of gender reassignment surgery has deeply transformed over the years, thanks to advancements in medical science and societal acceptance of. May 14, 2024 · Overview. report that sex reassignment surgery is an effective treatment for transsexuals. 1 billion in 2022 and is anticipated to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11. Gender-affirming surgery provides long-term mental health benefits, too. Transgender Survey, a nationwide survey of 27,715 transgender people conducted by the National Center for Transgender Equality. Importance: Transgender and nonbinary (TNB) youths are disproportionately burdened by poor mental health outcomes owing to decreased social support and increased stigma and discrimination. 2 GAS encompasses a variety of procedures that align an individual patient’s gender Male-to-female gender reassignment surgery (MTF GRS) is a complex and irreversible genital surgery for male transsexual who is diagnosed with gender identity disorder and has a strong desire to live as female. Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) has proven to be a revolutionary Introduction: Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) has proved an effective intervention for patients with gender identity disorder. When asked Oct 14, 2019 · The American Journal of Psychiatry has published an erratum notice after conducting a statistical analysis that was prompted by letters questioning the methodology of “Reduction in Mental Health Treatment Utilization Among Transgender Individuals After Gender-Affirming Surgeries: A Total Population Study. 2%) were satisfied with the gender reassignment surgery process ( n = 50, 45. Aug 23, 2023 · Gender dysphoria is characterized as an incongruence between an individual’s experienced or expressed gender and the gender that was assigned at birth. Jun 13, 2023 · Sociaal Cultureel Planbureau , Share of people who believe those who undergo sex reassignment surgery should pay for it themselves in the Netherlands in 2019/20 Statista, https://www. Such a high number of sex confirmation surgeries demonstrates the positive growth of the market. COVID-19 has impacted the growth pace of the studied market. nearly tripled between 2016 and 2019, according to new national estimates from a cohort study in JAMA Network Open. The advocates say that regret is rare, and that 98 percent of surgeries are successful. Transgender people who only had hormone therapy and underwent social and legal changes to their identity also experience this feeling, fueling their desire to detransition. 6% of the U. Turban et al. 9% of such visits—involved sex-reassignment surgery. Feminizing bottom surgery includes procedures to remove the penis and testicles and create a new vagina, labia and clitoris. Plastic surgeons performed more Dec 13, 2023 · Research consistently shows that people who choose gender affirmation surgery experience reduced gender incongruence and improved quality of life. opting for gender affirmation surgeries are expected to boost market May 22, 2017 · Gender transition surgeries jumped nearly 20% in a year — but the new data highlight a worrisome problem. May 22, 2023 · There are no comprehensive statistics on the number of gender-affirming surgeries performed in the U. Twenty-six (62%) patients had an early onset and 16 (38%) patients had a late onset; 29 Experts estimate that about 1% of transgender individuals regret having gender-affirmation surgery. 4 Increased adverse mental Jan 30, 2023 · Key Points. Johannson et al. This statistic displays the share of individuals in India who agree that transgender people should be allowed to have gender reassignment surgery as of November 2017. statista. Original research and review studies whose abstracts addressed the following topics were included for full-text review: gender-affirming surgery, sex Abstract. Complications are similar to any other liposuction treatment, and include bruising, pain, bleeding, and infection. Overall Transsexualism / psychology. Dave Mosher and Skye Gould. Although gender-affirming surgery (GAS) has been offered for more than half a century with clear significant short-term improvement in patient well-being, few studies have evaluated the long-term durability of these outcomes. This suggests that puberty blockers should not be viewed as a diagnostic tool, but rather as a first step in medical gender transition. Apr 14, 2023 · The researchers conceded that the act of starting puberty blockade in itself may lead to an increase in youth who will later seek to complete their gender reassignment with cross-sex hormones and surgery. 6% of Aug 23, 2023 · LGBTQ Rights Milestones Fast Facts. Regret could lead to physical and mental morbidity and questions the appropriateness of these procedures in selected patients. These terms included their permutations according to the PubMed search methodology. Purpose: The aim of this study is to thoroughly report on surgical outcomes from 332 patients who underwent male to female gender reassignment surgery (GRS). Accordingly, the present study investigated mortality and somatic morbidity using a sample of transsexual individuals who comprised 98% (n = 104) of all surgically reassigned transsexual individuals in Denmark. PLoS One, 17(1), e0261039. Hysterectomy. Depending on the extent of the procedure, a gender reassignment operation costs between 5,000 and 15,000 euros in Europe. This gives each Local Health District Director of Surgery final say on whether any procedure falling under this May 22, 2017 · Monday, May 22, 2017. 2 GAS encompasses a variety of procedures that Jun 13, 2022 · Approximately 1. Such changes are in line with current thinking among academics and physicians in It doesn’t necessarily mean regret over pushing through gender reassignment surgery. The complications and the Jan 22, 2024 · Evidence suggests that less than 1% of transgender people who undergo gender-affirming surgery report regret. Based on these statistics, the number of people with GID increased to 10 times and the number of Sex-Reassignment applicants from 13 people per year . , 776 Mar 16, 2018 · When he was 14, Reimer began the process of reassignment to being a male. 3%) were aged 19 to 30 years, 10 476 (21. Nov 21, 2014 · There have been only a few studies on patient satisfaction with male-to-female gender reassignment surgery. Over 48,000 Background: Gender reassignment surgery (i. 4% of the Aug 23, 2023 · T he number of gender-affirming surgeries taking place in the U. Design A population Jun 17, 2016 · We have been told sex reassignment surgery is successful. It affirms how they think and feel about their own gender and what it means to who they are. There is a dearth of long term, follow-up studies after sex reassignment. The number of gender-affirming surgeries rose from 4,552 in 2016 to 13,011 in 2019, declining only slightly to 12,818 during the first year of the Covid-19 The U. Methods: 254 consecutive patients who had undergone male-to-female gender reassignment surgery at Essen University Hospital's Department of Urology retrospectively filled out a questionnaire about their subjective postoperative satisfaction. 1,2 Prior studies of mental health among TGD people have demonstrated a 41% lifetime prevalence of suicide attempts, 2 7% to 61% lifetime prevalence of binge drinking, 3 and a 33% prevalence of tobacco use. reported good outcomes for SRS. sex reassignment surgery market size was estimated at USD 2. Gender dysphoria is characterized as an incongruence between an individual’s experienced or expressed gender and the gender that was assigned at birth. Feb 5, 2024 · Feb 5, 2024. Gender reassignment surgery, sometimes called sex reassignment surgery, is performed to transition individuals with gender dysphoria to their desired gender. Apr 2, 2024 · The term “sex reassignment” was based on the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10) code in the database but will be referred to as the current term “gender-affirmation surgery” for the remaining article. They can affect appearances. May 22, 2017 · Most transgender people forgo gender reassignment surgery, with only 11 percent of transgender women having had their testicles removed and 12 percent undergoing vaginoplasty, according to a Dec 17, 2021 · Surgical and demographic trends in genital gender-affirming surgery in transgender women: 40 years of experience in Amsterdam Br J Surg . The Surgical Gender Affirmation Program treats teens and young adults. ”. The reported 68%-86% overall success rates for sex reassignment surgery must be viewed cautiously; the lack of long-term follow-up studies makes these statistics misleading. Among those patients, the researchers found 4,118—or 10. According to the researchers, of the 17,151 respondents who pursued gender affirmation, 2,242 (13. Aug 7, 2019 · Among other changes, the proposed rules would eliminate the requirement that transgender individuals on Medicaid must wait until the age of 21 to receive surgery. This paper reviews the development of gender reassignment in Thailand during the period of 1975-2012, in terms of social attitude, epidemiology, surgical patients' profile, law and regulation, religion, and patients' path from psychiatric assessment to surgery. , male-to-female or female-to-male) entails a series of complex surgical procedures. [citation needed] In 1966, Johns Hopkins University opened the first sex reassignment surgery clinic in America. However, misdiagnosed patients sometimes regret their decision and request reversal surgery. Oct 6, 2022 · The analysis, the first of its kind, found that at least 121,882 children ages 6 to 17 were diagnosed with gender dysphoria in the five years to the end of 2021. Apr 28, 2021 · The study, titled “Association Between Gender-Affirming Surgeries and Mental Health Outcomes,” compared the psychological distress, substance use, and suicide risk of 3,559 transgender people who had undergone gender-affirming surgery with those of 16,401 transgender people who desired gender-affirming surgery but had not yet undergone any. 5% “very satisfied”; n = 33, 30% “satisfied”; n = 25, 22. They can stunt or damage some outward expressions of our reproductive organization. The rising prevalence of gender dysphoria and the increasing number of individuals in the U. “Mansculpture”. 7 in 2018, an increase of 504%. 2. To evaluate success or failure, we need to go beyond the Apr 4, 2019 · Attitudes towards sexuality can be rigid in Iran. Of the 506 referrals, ∼34% were for puberty suppression or cross-sex hormones, 32% were for gender-affirming surgery, 27% were for mental health, and 16% were for other services ( Table 2 ). ” The erratum explains why the study’s conclusion “that the longitudinal Whether it's female-to-male surgery or male-to-female sex reassignment surgery, the costs are significant. 1 percent of transgender people participating in the U. 84% during the forecast period. Because of the studies’ high dropout rates (12–77%; median 56%), the results should be No robust data on the UK trans population exists. Top surgery includes procedures to create or remove breasts. 20% during the forecast period. I think that’s a fairly Jun 17, 2023 · Researchers surveyed 27,715 TGD adults, including 17,151 people (61. (2021). 87 per 100,000 patients in 2000 to 14. Jul 23, 2021 · The credible and available evidence indicates: There are significant health risks to transgender medicine. 9 percent) who said they had gender-affirming treatment, with 2,242 (13. Facts and Figures. Sep 2, 2021 · Between 1972 and 2018, 8831 people visited the gender identity clinic. Feminizing surgery, also called gender-affirming surgery or gender-confirmation surgery, involves procedures that help better align the body with a person's gender identity. More than 42,000 of those children Feb 11, 2019 · After de-transitioning, I know the truth: Hormones and surgery may alter appearances, but nothing changes the immutable fact of your sex. No country in Europe had a majority of transgender people saying that they had undergone gender affirming or gender reassignment surgery in 2019, with the Netherlands having the The name change shows that your genitals don’t define your sex or gender. 1–3 This population has increased risk of psychiatric conditions, including depression, substance abuse disorders, self-injury, and suicide, compared with cis-gender individuals. Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience a disproportionate burden of mental health problems compared with the general population. Rhinoplasty, or a nose job, averaged $5,409 in 2019. Masculinizing surgery, also called gender-affirming surgery or gender-confirmation surgery, involves procedures that help better align the body with a person's gender identity. May 28, 2024 · Statistic 20. The procedure is to remove all female genital organs including the uterus, ovaries, and vagina with the construction of male genitalia Jul 11, 2023 · Post-transition: the individual has transitioned to full-time living in the desired gender (with or without legalization of gender change) and has undergone (or is preparing to have) at least one cross-sex medical procedure or treatment regimen, namely, regular cross-sex hormone treatment or gender reassignment surgery confirming the desired Sep 26, 2018 · BACKGROUND: Regret after gender-affirming surgery is considered a rare outcome. The operations are often referred to as “top surgery" and "bottom surgery. population identifies as transgender or gender-nonconforming. Aug 23, 2023 · Introduction. This includes external labia or lips, and a clitoris. 22 per 100,000 patients in 2014. 8% of whom identified as transgender women, 32. So it seems an unlikely hub for Not all who identify with a gender different than their birth sex suffer from gender dysphoria or go on to seek surgery. The Global Sex Reassignment Surgery Market is expected to register a CAGR of 12. (2022). 2% Aug 31, 2023 · The sex reassignment surgery market in US is to grow by USD 125. This review is based on our experience with seven patients who regretted their decision to undergo male-to-female SRS. Learn more about feminizing bottom surgery . Nov 11, 2019 · When transgender people undergo sex-reassignment surgery, the beneficial effect on their mental health is still evident — and increasing — years later, a Swedish study suggests. Results: From 2015 to 2019, 4114 patients underwent a gender-affirming surgery (GAS) increasing the number of surgeries by over 400%, according to the NSQIP database. A conservative former president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, once declared that the country didn’t have any gay people. Sex reassignment surgery costs are %70 cheaper in Turkey. All patients were submitted to penile inversion vaginoplasty with glans-derived The first physician to perform sex reassignment surgery in the United States was Los Angeles-based urologist Elmer Belt, who quietly performed operations from the early 1950s until 1968. Walt Heyer is a former transgender woman who provides Aug 23, 2023 · The News. Question Do transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals have increased overall and cause-specific morality compared with cisgender people?. Symposion Publishing in the Book Section of The International Journal of Transgenderism, 1998. Aug 1, 2023 · The absolute number of GAS procedures rose from 4552 in 2016 to a peak of 13 011 in 2019 and then declined slightly to 12 818 in 2020. 8%) were aged 31 to 40, and 3678 (7. A typical genitoplasty alone averages about $18,000. Coupled with the current issues in access and barriers for those seeking gender-affirming surgery, research in this field is extremely controversial. Material and methods: Records from 332 patients who underwent GRS from 1995 to 2008 were reviewed. Of the respondents, 12. Nov 21, 2014 · Löwenberg ( 19) also found a correlation between satisfaction with surgery and satisfaction with aesthetic appearance of the external genitalia. Gender-affirming surgery is an important part of the management of patients with gender dysphoria. Over the study period, the researchers found diagnoses of transsexualism (TS) or gender identity disorder increased more than threefold from a rate of 3. That proportion is even more striking when compared to the fact that 14. Surgery is typically the last step in the Of a total of 60 patients approved for sex reassignment, 42 (25 male-to-female [MF] and 17 female-to-male [FM]) transsexuals completed a follow-up assessment after 5 or more years in the process or 2 or more years after completed sex reassignment surgery. Access to gender-affirming hormones during adolescence and mental health outcomes among transgender adults. Oct 5, 2019 · 'Hundreds' of young trans people seeking help to return to original sex. e. , but according to an insurance claims analysis from Reuters and Komodo Health Inc. In 2021, the journal Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery – Global Open published a review of 27 studies concerning regret after gender-affirmation surgery. Depending on the procedure, 94% to 100% of people report satisfaction with their surgery results. Transgender people who do want gender reassignment surgery, however, must follow the standards of care for gender affirmation as defined by the World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH). As an adult, he married a woman but depression and drug abuse ensued, culminating in suicide at the age of 38 (1). The Ofice for National Statistics is researching whether and how to develop a population estimate. Jul 10, 2023 · The survey claims that 11% of female respondents reverted back to their original sex. com De Cuypere et al. When stratified by the type of procedure performed, breast and chest Gender-affirming surgery is a collection of surgical procedures for adults ages 18 and older diagnosed with gender dysphoria. Studies that have been done of transgendered people who have had sex reassignment surgery, people who have been followed for 20 or so years have found that The study examined data from the 2015 U. 8. Feb 22, 2011 · Context The treatment for transsexualism is sex reassignment, including hormonal treatment and surgery aimed at making the person's body as congruent with the opposite sex as possible. " Share this statistic: Cite. There is evidence suggesting that some gender dysphoric patients benefit primarily from sex reassignment surgery. 4263 were excluded from the study for a variety of reasons, and 2927 transgender women and 1641 transgender men were included in the study, with a total follow-up time of 40 232 person-years for transgender women and 17 285 person-years for transgender men. In our study, almost all patients (98. 6% of whom identified as nonbinary. Feb 22, 2011 · A person was defined as exposed to sex reassignment surgery if two criteria were met: (i) at least one inpatient diagnosis of gender identity disorder diagnosis without concomitant psychiatric diagnoses in the Hospital Discharge Register, and (ii) at least one discrepancy between gender variables in the Medical Birth Register (from 1973 and Mar 5, 2018 · Findings. Money's Nov 1, 2019 · Average monthly referrals increased from 5. We work closely with patients and families to make decisions about surgery age and timing. Gender-affirming surgery (GAS) has become increasingly performed over the past five years for this growing patient population [ 2 ]. Association of gender-affirming hormone therapy with depression, thoughts of suicide, and attempted suicide among transgender and nonbinary youth. Feb 8, 2024 · A large national study found that 13. 78 million from 2022 to 2027 progressing at a CAGR of 10. Overall, the studies included 7,928 transgender participants who had undergone any type of May 14, 2024 · Overview. Clinically referred children between the ages of 2 to 4 years old usually start developing gender dysphoria. Transgender Survey reported detransitioning at some point in their lives. As much as 1 out of 30,000 adult males seek sexual reassignment surgery (sex change). Although gender-affirming care is associated with decreased long-term adverse mental health outcomes among these youths, less is known about its Mar 2, 2016 · Studies of mortality and somatic well-being after sex-reassignment surgery (SRS) of transsexual individuals are equivocal. A biological male may identify more as a female and vice versa. Mar 4, 2016 · Excerpt from Q&A, February 29, 2016. The Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic was made up Mar 9, 2018 · Cosmetic surgery and cross-sex hormones can’t change us into the opposite sex. Objective To estimate mortality, morbidity, and criminal rate after surgical sex reassignment of transsexual persons. Masculinizing Procedures. May 22, 2017, 2:42 PM PDT. ASPS—the world's largest plastic surgery organization—found that more than 3,200 transfeminine and transmasculine surgeries were performed in Sep 29, 2023 · According to CIHI, of the 536 hospital visits for transgender reassignment mastectomies in 2018-19, 76, or 14 per cent, involved 18-year-olds and younger. Male-to-female procedures cost between $7,000 and $24,000, and the cost of female-to-male procedures can reach $50,000. 4,5 Approximately 0. The Report of the 2015 US Transgender Survey. Ontario is funding surgery as an option for people who experience discomfort or distress with their sex or gender at birth. 5% of whom identified as transgender men, and 26. Aug 10, 2023 · The 2019 study was based on data from the 2015 U. Those who chose to revert cited a variety of reasons. While that figure might be true for surgical complications, before we accept a narrative of surgical success we should consider the evidence. 1 percent) of them reporting a history of Feb 25, 2022 · 1. 7% “mostly Apr 16, 2018 · An estimated 0. If the corresponding therapeutic and medical evidence is Sep 1, 2021 · The study, published online April 28, 2021, by JAMA Surgery, drew on the 2015 U. 2 % of Plastic Surgeons performed sex reassignment surgery in 2020. Green et al. Mar 19, 2021 · Background: There is an unknown percentage of transgender and gender non-confirming individuals who undergo gender-affirmation surgeries (GAS) that experiences regret. Feb 1, 2022 · Abstract. Feminizing surgery includes several options, such as top surgery to increase the size of the breasts. That procedure also is called breast augmentation. 2, 3 In addition, trans patients are less likely to be insured 2, 3 and often find New South Wales Health’s elective surgery policy ( 37) designates ‘gender reassignment surgery’ as “discretionary”, without also expanding on what ‘gender reassignment surgery’ means. Apr 12, 2019 · Results from studies imply that sex reassignment surgery on the one hand has positive effects in terms of partial aspects of quality of life, such as mental health, sexuality, and life satisfaction, and, on the other hand, on quality of life overall. At least 1 out of 100,000 adult females seek sexual reassignment surgery (sex change). The American Society of Plastic Surgeons article titled "The Impact of COVID-19 on Gender Dysphoria Patients" published in May 2020 reported that since gender-affirming May 12, 2022 · Access to gender-affirming hormones and potential access to gender-affirming surgery is available at age 16—and then, in the case of transmasculine youth, only mastectomy, also known as top surgery. 7%) were aged12 to 18 years. Removing and reshaping tissue from the penis to make a vulva. Discordance or misalignment between gender identity and sex assigned at birth can translate into disproportionate discomfort, configuring the definition of gender dysphoria. Additionally, International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2020 statistics reported that worldwide there are 9. Masculinizing surgery includes several options, such as top surgery to create a more male-contoured chest and bottom surgery that changes the genitals. A comparative analysis was performed among the procedure type. 4 million transgender and non-binary (TGNB) adults and 150,000 TGNB adolescents and young adults live in the United States (US) [ 1 ]. Sex Reassignment. 7. – For the first time, the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) is reporting on the number of gender confirmation surgeries in the United States. Transgender Survey, which included nearly 20,000 participants, 38. That’s about 39 kids a week over Aug 23, 2015 · Nowadays, Sex-Reassignment Surgery occurs in Iran and Iran is one of the centers for Sex-Reassignment Surgery in the world and from every 4 surgeries in Iran, one is related to non-Iranians . Oct 24, 2017 · Official figures from the Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) at the Tavistock Centre in London show that 2,016 children were referred to them in 2016-17. Feminising bottom surgery may involve a combination of the following procedures: Removing the testicles (orchiectomy). People with gender dysphoria often feel that they were born in the wrong gender. S. Transgender men had a reversion rate of 4%. The procedure is to remove all male genital organs including the penis and testes with the construction of female genitalia composed of Oct 1, 2022 · Background: Gender dysphoria is a condition that often leads to significant patient morbidity and mortality. ARLINGTON HEIGHTS, Ill. The report offers an up-to-date analysis Jun 1, 2022 · Patient demographics, comorbidities, and postoperative complications were analyzed using SPSS statistics software. Thailand healthcare for transsexual patients is described. doi: 10. Five percent of those who detransitioned realized that a gender transition was not what they wanted. Findings In this cohort study of 139 484 individuals, TGD people had elevated overall mortality compared with cisgender people, specifically deaths from external causes (suicides, homicides, and accidental poisonings), endocrine disorders Aug 24, 2023 · Aug 24, 2023. That age group accounted for 18 per cent Sep 2, 2020 · Terms included (regret) and (transgender) and (surgery) or (satisfaction) and (transgender) and (surgery). We tentatively estimate that there are approximately 200,000-500,000 trans people in the UK. Its goal was to identify whether people who underwent gender-affirming surgeries had better mental health outcomes than those who didn’t. The number of gender-affirming surgeries, intended to align patients’ physical appearance with their gender identity, nearly tripled in the United States between 2016 and 2019 Female-to-male gender reassignment surgery (FTM GRS) is a complex and irreversible genital surgery for female transsexual who is diagnosed with gender identity disorder and has a strong desire to live as male. 1 Transgender individuals may pursue multiple treatments, including behavioral therapy, hormonal therapy, and gender-affirming surgery (GAS). Apr 15, 2021 · Pfäfflin F, Junge A. Individuals over the age of 18 and minors — with informed parental consent — would be eligible. Gender confirming surgery (also known as sex reassignment or gender affirming surgery) does more than change a person’s body. Oct 7, 2021 · The cost of transitioning can often exceed $100,000 in the United States, depending upon the procedures needed. 2021 Dec 17;109(1):8-11. Overall, 25 099 patients (52. "About 83% of transgender Austrians have undergone hormone treatment, while 43% had surgery. rq so yg kn re bp pj ls rh ko